In 2010, WikiLeaks published classified U.S. military material supplied by Chelsea Manning, including the Iraq War Logs, Afghan War Diary and video of the 2007 Baghdad airstrike. On 6 March 2018, a federal grand jury in Virginia secretly indicted Julian Assange for allegedly conspiring with Manning to crack a password hash, an accusation carrying a maximum five-year sentence. The indictment was unsealed on 11 April 2019 after Ecuador revoked Assange’s asylum and invited London’s Metropolitan Police into its embassy, ending his nearly seven-year stay there. Assange was convicted in the United Kingdom that day of breaching bail and received a 50-week sentence on 1 May 2019.
On 23 May 2019, U.S. prosecutors added 17 Espionage Act charges for obtaining and publishing classified information, exposing Assange to a theoretical maximum of 170 years. A superseding indictment filed in June 2020 further alleged that he recruited hackers, encouraged unauthorized access to systems and worked with members of LulzSec and Anonymous; Assange’s defenders and press-freedom organizations argued that prosecuting publication of leaked material threatened journalism and whistleblowing. After years of U.K. extradition litigation—including a 20 April 2022 extradition order and a 26 March 2024 stay—the case ended in June 2024 when Assange pleaded guilty to conspiracy to obtain and disclose national-defense information. With credit for time served, he was released and the U.S. extradition request was withdrawn.